焚烧灰中重金属溶出行为及水泥固化机理

垃圾焚烧飞灰是生活垃圾焚烧后烟气除尘器收下的物质，因其中含有水浸出性的重金属物质而被认为是危险废物，必须对之进行稳定化处理．主要研究了焚烧飞灰中重金属物质的浸出问题，考察了水泥对焚烧飞灰中重金属物质固化的效果．研究表明，用水泥稳定固化焚烧飞灰中重金属物质的效果良好，重金属物质通过物理固封、替代或吸附等形式可固化进水泥水化产物结构中．     

基于改进遗传算法的钢混单筋梁优化设计

针对遗传算法在结构优化应用中的缺点以及钢筋混凝土单筋梁的特点，提出了一种小群体规模遗传算法，同时给出适用的钢筋混凝土单筋梁优化设计的数学模型和适应度函数，来寻求钢筋混凝土单筋梁的满足约束、造价最低的设计方案．算例表明这种方法有很强的全局搜索能力，能减少结构特性计算量，收敛速度快，能有效解决单筋梁的优化问题．     

遗传算法优化分段进水生物脱氮工艺的流量分配

以四级分段进水生物脱氮工艺为例，探讨了遗传算法在该工艺进水流量优化分配中的应用。在确定的工艺参数和进水水质条件下，以出水水质模拟值与控制出水水质间的最小误差为目标函数，得到各级进水流量分配比分别为37．2％、27．4％、23．2％和12．2％。将此结果应用于处理实际污水的中试试验，可获得较高的对污染物的去除率。     

区域运输通道网络设计研究

运用离散优化方法,研究区域内各组团间运输通道网络优化设计问题,设定运输通道供给能力以及通道在区域之间的运输时间约束,构造综合运输通道投资建设总费用的优化模型,考虑各种运输通道的单位投资建设费用和建设长度的最优问题;利用综合运输通道的特点和区域组团网络结构进行算法设计,并给出最优解的多方案求解步骤;针对大规模节点采用遗传算法进行求解可以提高求解效率;通过一个算例,对模型和算法的可行性和有效性进行验证,说明该算法可得到综合运输通道的最优投资方案,使综合运输通道满足规划年的客货运需求,以及各种运输方式的平均出行时间满足要求,分析说明客货运输需求与运输通道建设的关系,结果表明提出的模型与算法对交通投资项目提供较好的辅助决策支持。     

Real-time biomonitoring of water contamination by cyanide based on analysis of the continuous electric signal emitted by a tropical fish: Apteronotus albifrons

A new early warning system for monitoring the quality of water was developed using the information conveyed by the continuous electric organ discharges of the tropical fish Apteronotus albifrons (Gymnotiformes, family Apteronotidae). The principle is based on the time characterisation of the electric signal emitted by the fish and uses the fact that the frequency and the form of the signal vary as a function of the physico-chemical quality of the ambient water. Eight test fish were individually confined in a heat-proof test chamber in which a continuous water current, thermo-regulated at 27°C, was maintained. The electric signal sampled over 1 s periods were amplified. The computer processed the signals and their frequencies and determined the coordinates of the points where the temperatures were recorded. The results of the A. albifrons electrical activity were then visualised on a visual display unit. Subsequent mathematical processing helped to detect unusual electrical behaviour (crossing of lower and upper bounds). To illustrate the principle of this new early warning system, the electric response of the A. albifrons exposed to cyanide was tested and compared with the detection thresholds of other biological early warning systems. A. albifrons is able to detect a cyanide concentration of 34.6 μg l⁻¹ in less than half an hour. The recorded results suggest that this new biomonitor corresponds very well with the requirements of warning stations for surface waters subject to cyanide pollution.     

Aquatic microbial activity and macrofaunal profiles of an Oklahoma stream

A toxicity assessment was conducted on Skeleton Creek, near Enid, Okla. This creek received effluents from an oil refinery, municipal waste treatment facility, and a fertilizer processing plant. Microbial activity assays, which focused on sediments, included: dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, glucosidase, amylase and protease activity. Microbial electron transport system activity was also measured in overlying waters and sediments. Results were compared to a study conducted at the same time by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) which measured in-stream fish, plankton and benthic communities. In addition, EPA conducted 7-day Ceriodaphnia reproductive toxicity tests and 7-day larval fathead minnow growth tests. Effects occurred below the 3 discharges and similar response patterns were noted between surrogate microbial assays and stream communities. These results highlight the importance and feasibility of multi-tiered test schemes in aquatic toxicity assessments.     

模糊网络计划中模糊工期成本优化方法的研究

针对模糊网络计划的发展,提出了在模糊网络图中模糊工期成本优化的方法,指出应利用遗传算法进行优化,以解决工程中不确定因素的问题,且优化结果更精确。     

岩体随机不连续面产状数据划分方法研究

动态聚类算法从本质上讲是单目标组合优化算法,一般需要事先给定目标分类数和初始聚类中心,且初始聚类中心的选择对数据划分结果影响较大。为了解决该问题,提出将产状数据的划分问题转化为多目标优化问题,并采用小生境Pareto遗传算法进行求解。针对聚类问题的特殊性,采用基于链表的编码方案,并建议相应的遗传操作算子;通过引入小生境技术和Pareto支配集理论,仅通过一次求解可由Pareto支配集给出对应于不同目标组数的最优分组结果,而且不用事先给定目标组数以及初始聚类中心。最后,将算法应用于三峡船闸高边坡岩体实测不连续面产状数据的划分,得到较为符合实际的优势结构面分组。     

基于遗传算法的SMW围护结构水泥土刚度系数计算

SMW工法是水泥土搅拌桩内插H型钢的复合围护结构,其结构主要包括水泥土和芯材两大主要部分。围护结构的受力特性非常复杂,型钢的物理力学性质在施工过程时应力水平下比较稳定,基本处于线弹性范围,而水泥土的应力应变特性呈现明显的非线性特性,围护结构的刚度变化主要是水泥土的刚度变化。由于试验数据与工程经验还很有限,准确确定水泥土的刚度贡献值存在一定困难。本文引进遗传算法,在深基坑工程底板浇筑完成时各测点位移量测资料基础上,进行位移反分析,得到复合结构弹模Ecs与惯性矩Ics的优化取值,从而得出各测点在该工况下的刚度系数,该值与推荐曲线较为接近,说明反演分析的可行性。     

Sublethal Effects of Fire Smoke

Fire smoke toxicity has been a recurring theme for fire safety professionals for over four decades. There especially continue to be difficulty and controversy in assessing and addressing the contribution of the sublethal effects of smoke in hazard and risk analyses. The Fire Protection Research Foundation (FPRF), the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and NFPA have begun a private/public fire research initiative, the International Study of the Sublethal Effects of Fire Smoke on Survival and Health (SEFS) to provide scientific information on these effects for public policy makers. The papers in this issue of Fire Technology present results from the first phase of the project: estimates of the magnitude and impact of sublethal exposures to fire smoke on the U.S. population, the best available lethal and incapacitating toxic potency values for the smoke from commercial products, the potential for various sizes of fires to produce smoke yields that could result in sublethal health effects, and state-of-the-art information on the production of the condensed components of smoke from fires and their evolutionary changes during transport from the fire.